We are all familiar with the old expression, “Don’t raise the bridge; lower the river.” That’s exactly what 24M, a startup company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has done.
24M was formed in 2010 by Dr. Yet-Ming Chiang and a group of researchers at MIT. Chiang’s name should be familiar to anyone who has followed the lithium ion battery business over the past decade. He also founded A123, an advanced battery company that led the way toward more affordable lithium-ion batteries. It soared to great financial heights before it crashed back to earth. It finally went bankrupt and its assets were purchased by China’s Wanxiang.
But Chiang and his group didn’t give up. They turned their attention to researching flow batteries which use liquid electrolytes stored in tanks. Need more storage? Just make the tanks bigger. Unlike lithium-ion batteries, a flow battery is temperature stable, can withstand far more discharge cycles and uses environmentally friendly electrolytes. But they tend to be quite large and heavy.
Eventually, Chiang’s team turned their attention back to lithium-ion batteries and came to a startling conclusion. Says Chiang, “The lithium-ion battery is a brilliant, enabling technology, but its economics are flawed. It’s prohibitively expensive; it’s cumbersome and inefficient to make; and today’s version is approaching the limits of its cost reductions.”
Today’s batteries are manufactured using techniques left over from the days of making cassette tapes. When CDs replaced cassettes, Sony was left with lots of unused manufacturing capacity. It figured out how to convert that equipment to making electrodes for lithium-ion batteries using lots of thin plates. Each plate needed a spacer to keep it separate from the others. Those non-conductive spacers took up a lot of room in the completed batteries.
According to a press release on Business Wire, until now, the battery industry has had two options to drive down costs – build massive and complex factories to produce lithium-ion batteries in high volumes or pursue entirely new chemistries that may never move from the lab to the commercial floor. Today, thousands of researchers around the world are hard at work trying to discover new battery chemistries, but Chiang and his team decided to think outside the box. They figured out a way to make thicker electrodes from semi-solid materials. Their process does away with all those spacers that were taking up 80% of the space inside conventional batteries.
The new battery has 5 times as much storage capacity in the same space. “24M has fixed the flaws. We’ve made the world’s favorite battery better, fundamentally changing its cost curve by designing a more elegant and simpler cell and then making the batteries the right way – the way they should have been made from day one,” says Chiang.
The 24 battery has several important advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries.
- Fast Manufacturing Times: Start to finish, 24M’s cell creation takes one-fifth of the time of a conventional battery. Because semisolid lithium-ion doesn’t require binding, drying, solvent recovery or calendaring, it removes entire steps in the manufacturing process.
- Ultra-low Cost: The removal of those manufacturing steps means factories can be much smaller. A 24M factory requires about one-tenth the investment of a conventional plant.
- Flexible and Modular: Manufacturers can scale up in small steps to match supply to demand, making lithium-ion cost effective even at low-volume production.
- Environmentally Friendly: 24M’s solvent-free manufacturing platform creates the most easily recycled lithium-ion cell ever made.
Tina Casey summarizes some of the key points in an article on sister site CleanTechnica as well:
The key to the whole thing is something 24M calls a semisolid thick electrode. It increases the thickness of the “active” layer in a lithium-ion by about five times.
That thicker layer improves storage capacity, while eliminating about 80% of the supporting structure that stabilizes multiple layers within a conventional lithium-ion cell.
To put the whole thing together, 24M came up with a new approach to manufacturing that takes a matter of hours, compared to days for conventional lithium-ion batteries. The new process eliminates a number of conventional steps including binding, drying, and solvent recovery.
Current lithium-ion battery manufacturing leaders are Samsung SDI and LG Chem, with BYD, Toshiba, Panasonic (Tesla’s lithium-ion battery cell supplier), Saft, Kokam, Hitachi, Sony, Lichen, and Leclanche in a “contenders” group behind them, according to Navigant Research. Whether 3M would look to jump to that level of production or would choose to license its lithium-ion battery manufacturing breakthrough to top players in order to capitalize on it in other ways is unclear.
Tesla is currently spending $5 billion to build its Gigafactory in Nevada. Chiang says his process could produce the same amount of battery storage products in a factory costing just $500 million. He thinks lower manufacturing costs will attract other entrepreneurs who would otherwise be frozen out by the high cost of building conventional factories.
Speaking of Tesla, it has stated that it is open to shifting to better battery technologies as soon as it is clear that it makes sense to do so, and its factories are some of the most advanced in the world, using dozens of advanced robots for manufacturing. Surely, it would be willing to either utilize 3M’s technology in the under-production Gigafactory (if a good deal could be made) or at least in future gigafactories. One has to wonder if such talks have begun since 3M has unstealthed.
24M is focusing on large-scale grid storage for the time being, but the implications for electric automobiles are obvious. Chiang predicts that, by 2020, the cost of his batteries will be down to around $85 per kWh. Most experts say that the changeover from fossil fuel cars to battery cars for mainstream buyers will take place when battery prices fall below $100 per kWh. It is thought that Tesla is now producing batteries for about $250 per kWh and that it will get that figure down to under $200 per kWh when the Gigafactory gets into full production.
If Chiang and 24M are right, what impact will their technology have on the battery business if they can slash the price of batteries by 50%? The phrase “game-changing technology” is greatly overused these days, but in the case of 24M, it may be the only way to accurately describe the importance of this breakthrough.
This story was published first on Solar Love. Reprinted with permission.
MIT isn’t the sort of Uni I would expect to sell us pure BS. No doubt the more wild claims are a lot to do with the media rather then the scientists. However have you seen how the media is handling this story? Its all focused on charging mobile phone batteries in 6 mins and running them for 3 days. Its like someone on the Titanic thought of a way of turning deck chairs into lifeboats and someone else says “But will they be any more comfortable to sit on?” If this is half as good as they say its the beginning of the end for the internal combustion engine and it will allow every house to store and use all of its PV energy and accept grid electricity at times to match the intermittent output of mass renewables such as wind – decarbonisation solved! Maybe not quite, but am I alone in thinking this is more climate skeptic and anti-renewables propaganda – keep the plebs gawping at their mobiles so that they don’t notice the invention’s true potential?
3m or 24m?
Ah, but there is so much more to batteries than cost/kWh for the EV application. And unfortunately for all involved, batteries progress is moving rapidly enough that a technology whose commercial parameters are defined for marketing in the year 2020, is like measuring time in dog years!
Their battery is essentially a jammed up “flow battery” that they have been developing. The power density could be an issue for such thick electrodes.
Spacers are needed eventually for making 3.6V from 1.2V cells.
Hmm, will this take some of the inherent strength out of the battery cell? Also, the cost prediction by 2020 of $85 doesn’t really tell us what their cost is today if they were to go into production tomorrow.
what about exploding batteries – will these now carry a bigger punch?
Removing spacers …if only that simple silly scientists
Has anyone outside Chiang’s lab proven this? If it was really that simple I’m willing to bet someone would have thought of that at least a decade ago.
For what reason do you think its simple? It’s not. For the 1000’s who are working to improve Lithium-ion, I’m sure they wish it was easy.
Maybe lithium-ion might not be the future of batteries at all. Either way, I too would like to see other supportive facts toward this. Keeping eyes open!