Phytoplankton Blooms In North Atlantic Caused By Eddies, Not Sunlight

 
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In a surprise finding, researchers have discovered that the whirlpools, or eddies, that swirl across the the North Atlantic are able to sustain phytoplankton blooms in the ocean’s shallower waters long before the longer days of spring start.

During a recent expedition to the North Atlantic Ocean, researchers from the University of Washington, who were studying the annual growth phytoplankton, were surprised to find that the plankton they were studying had started growing even before the sun was able to offer the light that they need for their growth spurt.

Scientists have known for decades that it is springtime that “brings the longer days and calmer seas that force phytoplankton near the surface, where they get the sunlight they need to flourish.”

But there is apparently another trigger, the swirling eddies located in the North Atlantic.

“Eric D’Asaro and Craig Lee, oceanographers in the UW’s Applied Physics Laboratory and School of Oceanography, are among the researchers who found that whirlpools, or eddies, that swirl across the North Atlantic sustain phytoplankton in the ocean’s shallower waters, where the plankton can get plenty of sunlight to fuel their growth even before the longer days of spring start.”

The eddies are formed “when heavier, colder water from the north slips under the lighter, warmer water from the south. The researchers found that the eddies cause the bloom to happen around three weeks earlier than it would if it was spurred just by spring’s longer days.”

“That timing makes a significant difference if you think about the animals that eat the phytoplankton,” said D’Asaro, the corresponding author on the paper.

There are many small sea animals that spend the winter ‘hibernating’ in the deep ocean, emerging only during the spring and summer to feed on the phytoplankton blooms.

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“If they get the timing wrong, they’ll starve,” Lee said. “Since fish eat the animals, a reduction in their number could harm the fish population.”

Researchers think that climate change might affect oceanic circulation patterns, like the ones that cause the eddies. There has been some evidence found that warmer waters from the subtropics are making it further and further into the north, Lee said.

“If the climate alters the circulation patterns, it might alter the timing of the bloom, which could impact which animals grow and which die out,” he said.

“Learning about the circulation of the ocean also helps scientists forecast changes in the ocean, a bit like meteorologists are able to forecast the weather.”

“The scientists didn’t set out to look at the kind of large-scale mixing that they found. In April 2008, Lee and co-author Mary Jane Perry of the University of Maine arrived in a storm-lashed North Atlantic aboard an Icelandic research vessel.”

“They launched robots (specially designed by Lee and D’Asaro) in the rough seas. A float that hovered below the water’s surface followed the motion of the ocean, moving around like a giant phytoplankton.”

“Lurking alongside the float were 6-foot-long, teardrop-shaped Seagliders, also designed at the UW, that dove to depths of up to 1,000 meters, or 3,280 feet. After each dive, working in areas 20 to 50 kilometers, or 12 to 31 miles, around the float, the gliders rose to the surface, pointed their antennas skyward and transmitted their stored data back to shore via satellite.”

The gliders and the float measured the water’s temperature, salinity and speed; and gathered data on the bloom’s chemistry and biology.

When the measurements from the float and gliders started coming in, the researchers realized that the bloom had already started, even though it was essentially still winter.

“It was apparent that some new mechanism, other than surface warming, was behind the bloom’s initiation,” said D’Asaro.

In order to learn more, the researchers used sophisticated computer modeling.

“Enter first author Amala Mahadevan, with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, who used 3-D computer models to look at information collected at sea by Perry, D’Asaro and Lee.”

“She generated eddies in a model using the north-to-south oceanic temperature variation. Without eddies, the bloom happened several weeks later and didn’t have the space and time structures actually observed in the North Atlantic.”

“In the future, the scientists hope to put the North Atlantic bloom into a broader context. They believe much can be learned by following the phytoplankton’s evolution across an entire year, especially with gliders and floats outfitted with new sensors. The sensors would look at the tiny animals that graze on the phytoplankton.”

“What we’re learning about eddies is that they’re a critical part of life in the ocean,” said Perry. “They shape ocean ecosystems in countless ways.”

Grants from the National Science Foundation and NASA funded the research.

The research has just been published in the journal Science.

Source: University of Washington
Image Credits: NASA; ESA; Eric Rehm/UW

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